Philip was secretly invested with Milan already in 1540 and again in 1546, but only in 1554 the Emperor made it public. The refusal of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League to recognize the council's validity led to a war, won by Charles V with the imprisonment of the Protestant princes. "Tests confirm old emperor's gout diagnosis." Arms of Charles, Infante of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. Several German princes or noblemen accompanied him in his military campaigns against France or the Ottomans, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial Landsknechte. I am therefore resolved to maintain everything which these my forebears have established to the present. ", "A Habsburg-Persian alliance against the Ottomans finally brought a respite from the Turkish threat in the 1540s. Charles also agreed to favor the election of Ferdinand as King of the Romans in Germany, which took place in 1531. (This was an out-station of the new central workshop at Doncaster, which opened in 1853.). Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the Alhambra in Granada. She soon found herself at war with France over Charles's requirement to pay homage to the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. Charles V defeated by the protestants in Germany. All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman Church…After their deaths they left, by natural law and heritage, these holy catholic rites, for us to live and die by, following their example. He was fluent in French and Dutch, his native languages. [19], Charles inherited the Austrian hereditary lands in 1519, as Charles I of Austria, and obtained the election as Holy Roman Emperor against the candidacy of the French King. He received education from Willem II of Croÿ and Adrian of Utrecht. Charles V[b] (24 February 1500 â€“ 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon) from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. Charles’s claim to the leading role in the concert of powers was not uncontested: France became the ‘hereditary enemy’ for the next two centuries. Political dissent was also firmly controlled, most notably in his place of birth, where Charles, assisted by the Duke of Alba, personally suppressed the Revolt of Ghent in mid-February 1540.[32]. Josephine was born on November 12 1887, in Burdinne. As he was a minor, his aunt Margaret of Austria (born as Archduchess of Austria and in both her marriages as the Dowager Princess of Asturias and Dowager Duchess of Savoy) acted as regent, as appointed by Emperor Maximilian until 1515. His reign marked a high point for France during the Hundred Years' War, with his armies recovering much of the territory ceded to … Charles V (also known as Charles I)February 24, 1500,Ghent, the NetherlandsSeptember 21, 1558San Jeronimo de Yuste, Spain Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain "Therefore I am determined to pledge for this cause all my realms, my friends, my body, my life and my soul … to defend the Catholic Faith. After Luther defended the Ninety-five Theses and his writings, the Emperor commented: "that monk will never make me a heretic". [6] During his travels, Charles V left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing historians to surmise that he spent over 10,000 days in the Low Countries, 6,500 days in Spain, more than 3000 days in German-speaking territories, and almost 1,000 days in the Italian peninsula. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as Princess of Asturias, given prince Miguel's death a year earlier. War resumed in 1542, with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Charles V borrowed money from German and Italian bankers and, in order to repay such loans, he relied on the proto-capitalist economy of the Low Countries and on the flows of gold and especially silver from South America to Spain. Mos… Fernand was born on October 17 1879, in Meeffe. Samuel Waite Johnson was his assistant between 1859 and 1864. Although Vögele continued racing with some success through the 1960s, and even sponsored his own racing team, his real fortune came from his clothing sales. Charles V gave Netherlands and Spain to his son and Austria tand empire to his brother. A final war erupted with Francis' son and successor, Henry II, in 1551. Espinosa, Aurelio. A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of 900,000 Portuguese cruzados or Castilian folds that would help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars. [70] Therefore, Charles V outlawed the Schmalkaldic League and opened hostilities against it in 1546. [77] Charles kept these paintings with him whenever he travelled, and they were among those that he brought with him after his retirement to the Monastery of Yuste in 1557. She retired in isolation into a tower of Tordesillas. Charles Vögele (alternatively Voegele) was a successful race car pilot, who, together with his wife Agnes Vögele-Antig, opened a store selling motorcycle clothing in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1955. Variant of the Royal Bend of Castile used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Joanna, in contrast, was only third in the Spanish line of succession, preceded by her older brother John of Castile and older sister Isabella of Aragon. Min. Emperor Charles V MET DP828663.jpg 2,655 × 4,000; 4.94 MB Fotoreproductie van een schilderij door Juan Pantoja de la Cruz, voorstellend een portret van Karel V koning van Spanje, RP-F-F01215-V.jpg 4,554 × 5,700; 4.05 MB Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. He ratified the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires by the Spanish Conquistadores Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, as well as the establishment of Klein-Venedig by the German Welser family in search of the legendary El Dorado. On 21 December 1507, Charles was betrothed to 11-year-old Mary, the daughter of King Henry VII of England and younger sister to the future King Henry VIII of England, who was to take the throne in two years. Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Following the death of Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia, at the Battle of Mohacs in 1526, Charles V favored the election of Ferdinand as king of Hungary (and Croatia and Dalmatia) and Bohemia. A third war erupted in 1536. Her health further deteriorated due to an infection, and she died two weeks later on 1 May 1539, aged 35. Charles V was also the last emperor to be crowned by a pope, his coronation being performed by Clement VII at Bologna. Due to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian Cortes in Valladolid (1518) proved difficult. Burke, "Languages and communities in early modern Europe" p. 28; Holzberger, "The letters of George Santayana" p. 299. H.J. Philip was already Duke of Burgundy, given Mary's death in 1482, and also heir apparent of Austria as honorific Archduke. There, he began to work on his German translation of the bible. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919. [55], After the death of his paternal grandfather, Maximilian, in 1519, Charles inherited the Habsburg Monarchy. These liaisons occurred during his bachelorhood and only once during his widowerhood; there are no records of his having any extramarital affairs during his marriage. [48] The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles's reign, along with the inflation that affected the kingdom, resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of Philip II.[49]. [59] To gain his freedom, Francis ceded Burgundy to Charles in the Treaty of Madrid, as well as renouncing his support of Henry II's claim over Navarre. p. 216. On 26 October 1520 he was crowned in Germany and some ten years later, on 22 February 1530, he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII in Bologna, the last emperor to receive a papal coronation. As the conquistador Bernal Díaz del Castillo observed, "We came to serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those in darkness, and also to acquire that wealth which most men covet. Stephan Diller, Joachim Andraschke, Martin Brecht: Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider. However, this engagement was very problematic because Mary was only 6 years old at the time, sixteen years Charles's junior, which meant that he would have to wait for her to be old enough to marry. Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after Charles's death, at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Well, that person was Charles V. Charles Vwas a European ruler of the 16th century, and he would hold numerous titles in his life. Charles and Isabella had seven children, though only three survived to adulthood: Due to Philip II being a grandson of Manuel I of Portugal through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death (Henry, the Cardinal-King, in 1580), thus establishing the personal union between Spain and Portugal. Soon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. Nonetheless, many Spaniards believed that their resources (largely consisting of flows of silver from the Americas) were being used to sustain Imperial-Habsburg policies that were not in the country's interest. (5 Mar 1500 greg.) In 1528 Charles assigned a concession in Venezuela Province to Bartholomeus V. Welser, in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed. Charles was very attached to his homeland and spent much of his life in Brussels. Charles V, king of France from 1364 who led the country in a miraculous recovery from the devastation of the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453), reversing the disastrous Anglo-French settlement of 1360. In 1521, on the advice of his Flemish counselors, especially William de Croÿ, Charles became engaged to his other first cousin, Mary, daughter of his aunt, Catherine of Aragon, and King Henry VIII, in order to secure an alliance with England. He would receive his imperial crown from Pope Clement VII in 1520 at Bologna, the last emperor to be so crowned by a pope. Charles had a close relationship with important German families, like the House of Nassau, many of which were represented at his court in Brussels. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented a significant income for the Imperial treasury. It ultimately made me tired and sick .... Do not think that I want to escape any troubles and dangers: my strength is simply not enough .... As for me: I know that I made many mistakes, big mistakes, first because of my youth, then because of human error and because of my passions, and finally because of tiredness. The conquests also helped solidify Charles's rule by providing the state treasury with enormous amounts of bullion. Coat of arms of Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire according to the description: Arms of Charles I added to those of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Two Sicilies and Granada present in the previous coat, those of Austria, ancient Burgundy, modern Burgundy, Brabant, Flanders and Tyrol. Combined with the circumnavigation of the globe by the Magellan expedition in 1522, these successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of Christendom, which still perceived a significant threat from Islam. However, he gradually lost the will to live. Isabella was the daughter of the Portuguese king Manuel I and Maria of Castile. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, surrounded by paintings by Titian and with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe were symbols of his reign and his lack of time. CHARLES V PALACE History & Culture. Charles, therefore, claimed the crowns for himself jure matris, thus becoming co-monarch of Joanna with the title of Charles I of Castile and Aragon or Charles I of Spain. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre (Cortes) required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). Thereafter, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. At the death of his paternal grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited Austria and was elected to succeed him as Holy Roman Emperor. [98] Nonetheless, the same agreements promised Ferdinand the designation as future emperor and the transfer of hereditary rights over Austria at the imperial succession. Charles V abdicated the throne in 1556, apportioning his imperial titles to his brother Ferdinand I and his Dutch and Spanish ones to his son Philip II.His ill health, particularly his decades-long battle with gout, was undeniably a factor in his decision to abdicate.His writings also reveal the weariness that a reign’s worth of wars had instilled in him. [91] He died in the early hours of the morning on 21 September 1558, at the age of 58, holding in his hand the cross that his wife Isabella had been holding when she died.[92]. She next married Antoine de Bourbon, and both she and their son would oppose Philip II in the French Wars of Religion. With Charles, the government became more absolute, even though until his mother died in 1555, Charles did not hold the full kingship of the country. [100] In the abdications of 1554–1556, Charles left his personal possessions to Philip II and the Imperial title to Ferdinand. In medieval times, it was very common for European royals to marry other European royals. At the same time, the Muslim Barbary corsairs, acting under the general authority and supervision of the sultan, regularly devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts, crippling Spanish trade and chipping at the foundations of Habsburg power. [56][57], Despite his holding the imperial throne, Charles's real authority was limited by the German princes. Pavia alone held out, and on 24 February 1525 (Charles's twenty-fifth birthday), Charles's forces led by Charles de Lannoy captured Francis and crushed his army in the Battle of Pavia. [45] The Kingdom of Navarre had been invaded by Ferdinand of Aragon jointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. This war too was inconclusive. He adopted the Imperial name of Charles V as his main title, and styled himself as a new Charlemagne.[4]. The Spanish inheritance, resulting from a dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, included Spain as well as the Castilian West Indies and the Aragonese Two Sicilies. 434, a 4-4-0 locomotive, and resulted in nineteen deaths (including Massey Bromley, the Locomotive Superintendent of the Great Eastern Railway and a close friend of Sacre). It is said that Charles spoke several vernacular languages: he was fluent in French, Flemish, later adding an acceptable Spanish which was required by the Castilian Cortes Generales as a condition for becoming … [23] A witticism sometimes attributed to Charles is: "I speak Spanish/Latin (depending on the source) to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse. Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Museum of Military History in Vienna. Charles was the highest bidder and won the crown on 28 June 1519. The emperor strongly rejected it, and in 1531 the Schmalkaldic League was formed by Protestant princes. His employees found him a friendly and approachable man, and he became popular with the work force. Charles's decision to create a direct, more economically viable Africa to America slave trade fundamentally changed the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade.[53]. Still, this demand fell on deaf ears, and the Parliament kept piling up grievances. [86][87][88] The Imperial abdication also marked the beginning of Ferdinand's legal and suo jure rule in the Austrian possessions, that he governed in Charles's name since 1521–1522 and were attached to Hungary and Bohemia since 1526.[8]. He was also the natural candidate of the electors to succeed his grandfather as Holy Roman Emperor. Finally, when the Castilian regent Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli, he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and imposed his enstatement throughout the kingdom. The culture and courtly life of the Low Countries played an important part in the development of Charles's beliefs. Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. Cohn, "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519? His first Regent of Spain was Adrian of Utrecht (succeeded by Isabella of Portugal and Philip II of Spain). Charles abdicated as emperor in 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24 February 1558. He was articled to Archibald Sturrock at the Great Northern Railway works at Boston, Lincolnshire in 1846, and upon the completion of the apprenticeship, he was appointed Assistant Locomotive Superintendent at Peterborough. From 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of Frisian peasants (led by Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijard Jelckama). [14], Charles was given birth in a bathroom of the Prinsenhof at 3:00 AM by Joanna not long after she attended a ball despite symptoms of labor pains, and his name was chosen by Philip in honour of Charles I of Burgundy. [94] On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter Maria of Austria and Charles's sisters Eleanor of Austria and Maria of Hungary behind them. The Hotel Charles V at the heart of Paris’ historic and cultural centre is in a great spot for visiting Le Marais and the sites and museums of Paris. of IME 5.1889 (p. 339) Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1864", "Empress Isabella of Portugal – The Collection", "Thomas Crecquillon: Missa 'Mort m'a privé', motets and chansons", "A Treatise on International Law: With an Introductory Essay on the Definition and Nature of the Laws of Human Conduct", "Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy of Austria", "Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich", Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, "Charles, called The Bold, duke of Burgundy", "Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. Indeed, Charles's motto, Plus Ultra (Further Beyond), became the national motto of Spain and his heir, later Philip II, was born and raised in Castile. The Seventeen Provinces had been unified by Charles's Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were fiefs of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. Scot McKendrick et Kathleen Doyle (London: British Library, 2014) "Charles V and the Turks". However, the Schmalkaldic League refused to recognize the validity of the council and occupied territories of Catholic princes. [3] The Spanish possessions at his accession also included the Castilian West Indies and the Aragonese Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia. Joanna inherited these territories in 1516 in a condition of mental illness. At the death of Philip in 1506, Charles was recognized Lord of the Netherlands with the title of Charles II of Burgundy. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of emperor. In September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by Mary of Hungary and Eleanor of Austria. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson Carlos, Prince of Asturias. The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. After its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the Ottoman Empire. As a consequence, cartographers and historians have described those kingdoms both as realms of Charles V and as possessions of Ferdinand, not without confusion. Despite the fact that he was elected as a German prince, Charles's staunch Catholicism in contrast to the growth of Lutheranism alienated him from various German princes who finally fought against him. Aurelio Espinosa, "The grand strategy of Charles V (1500-1558): Castile, war, and dynastic priority in the Mediterranean. However, Charles's Imperial abdication marked the beginning of Ferdinand's suo jure rule in Austria and his other lands: despite the claims of Philip and his descendants, Hungary and Bohemia were left under the nominal and substantial rule of Ferdinand and his successors. However, Henry II of France offered new support to the Lutheran cause and strengthened a close alliance with the sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the ruler of the Ottoman Empire since 1520. [13], The organization of ambitious political marriages reflected Maximilian's practice to expand the House of Habsburg with dynastic links rather than conquest, as exemplified by his saying "Let others wage war, you, happy Austria, marry". However, the engagement was called off in 1513, on the advice of Thomas Wolsey, and Mary was instead married to King Louis XII of France in 1514. The resistance culminated in the Revolt of the Comuneros, which Charles suppressed. In 1557, Charles retired to the Monastery of Yuste in Extremadura and died there a year later. At the 1530 Imperial Diet of Augsburg was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defense of the Empire against the Ottoman threat; second, issues related to policy, currency and public well-being; and, third, disagreements about Christianity, in attempt to reach some compromise and a chance to deal with the German situation. Following these revolts, Charles placed Spanish counselors in a position of power and spent a considerable part of his life in Castile, including his final years in a monastery. He later added an acceptable Castilian Spanish, which he was required to learn by the Castilian Cortes Generales. Marriage was a political tool, so the continent was full of entangled family trees. Among other posthumous depictions, there are statues of Charles on the facade of the City Hall in, A statue of Charles, donated by the city of, Charles V appears as a character in the play, A Flemish legend about Charles being served a beer at the village of, Charles V is portrayed by Hans Lefebre and is figured prominently in the 1953 film, Charles V is portrayed by Torben Liebrecht and is figured prominently in the 2003 film, Charles V is portrayed in one episode of the Showtime series. According to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henri II of France; the never-ending advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe; and his declining health, in particular attacks of gout such as the one that forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz where he was later defeated. The Duchy of Milan, however, was under French control. The Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. [41] Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. In 1550, Charles convened a conference at Valladolid in order to consider the morality of the force[54] used against the indigenous populations of the New World, which included figures such as Bartolomé de las Casas. Eventually, it seemed that all of these bloodlines would result in one person having a legitimate claim to practically everything. The museum and its representative rooms . His first Governor of the Netherlands was Margaret of Austria (succeeded by Mary of Hungary and Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy). Sacre retired in 1886 and committed suicide by shooting himself, reputedly due to the Penistone rail crash of 1884. Thus she was closely related to Charles on her mother’s side, as the bridal couple’s mothers were sisters. "[90] In August 1558, Charles was taken seriously ill with what was later revealed to be malaria. In 1504, as Isabella passed away, Joanna became Queen of Castile. The local Spaniards strongly objected because it assumed the equality of Indians and Spaniards. His last public words were: My life has been one long journey. Charles was born in the Flemish city of Ghent in 1500. The defeat of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács in 1526 "sent a wave of terror over Europe. Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700. Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1981, co-monarch of Spain with his mother Joanna, personal union between Spain and Portugal, Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque, Diego Fernández de Córdoba y Carrillo, first Lord of Baena, The Education of a christian prince, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos, Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos, "Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla", "Details of horrific first voyages in transatlantic slave trade revealed", "Royal Collection – The Knights of the Garter under Henry VIII", "Life Span of Suleiman The Magnificent, 1494–1566", "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]", "Henry VIII: June 1518, 1–15 Pages 1302–1311 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2, 1515–1518. C. Mamilton Ellis: Twenty Loco Men (1959), Career at the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sacré&oldid=995444897, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 December 2020, at 02:05. Charles instead focused on defeating Protestantism in Germany and the Netherlands, which proved to be lost causes. Although both John and Isabella died in 1498, the Catholic Monarchs desired to keep the Spanish kingdoms in Iberian hands and designated their Portuguese grandson Miguel da Paz as heir presumptive of Spain by naming him Prince of the Asturias. Yet in 1524, Francis I of France retook the initiative, crossing into Lombardy where Milan, along with several other cities, once again fell to his attack. The council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in Innsbruck, Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. Despite the Emperor's long absences due to political affairs abroad, the marriage was a happy one, as both partners were always devoted and faithful to each other. Lasting thirteen years, the marriage produced four The marriage was a purely political partnership. [22] He gained a decent command of German following the Imperial election, though he never spoke it as well as French. This is important because it saved the empire from major problems. Charles V revitalized the medieval concept of the universal monarchy and spent most of his life defending the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire from the Protestant Reformation, the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, and a series of wars with France. In 1555, he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the Peace of Augsburg in his name. – ca. Up until that point (since at least 1510), African slaves had usually been transported to Castile or Portugal and had then been transhipped to the Caribbean. After the Monastery's Royal Crypt was completed in 1574, the bodies of Charles and Isabella were relocated and re-interred into a small vault in directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel, in accordance with Charles's wishes to be buried "half-body under the altar and half-body under the priest's feet" side by side with Isabella.

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