This mitigated exposure to credit risk because the stream of profits from a series of cargo shipments was significantly larger than a default payment on a single cargo. In its various forms, ERM may increase risk awareness with management, the board of directors and others, but it will not be effective in driving decisions because it typically isnt integrated with the enterprises decision-making processes. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Reduction Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately. As we saw over the past year, being resilient is crucial for employee morale and, ultimately, business success. Livechat: Your email address will not be published. Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. The loss incurred from managing the risk with the paid armed guards and rear boxcar would, in that case, be offset by the confidence that the train would experience no losses, and the additional revenue from the insurance services offered. An effective enterprise risk management (ERM) program can help organizations manage their risks and maximize opportunities. Various methods exist for assessment of documented risks, from simple qualitative approaches like the prioritization matrix, to more in-depth mathematical models. Communication is so very important. But do not strictly rely on your computers spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at padding to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor. While the industry seems to understand what is required [] The first strategy was dismissed quickly. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. These are not going to be immediate threats. Proactive risk management involves quantifying and prioritizing risk. The universitys policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. Three most highly rated benefits of strategic management - Clearer sense of strategic vision for the firm - Sharper focus on what is strategically important - Improved understanding of a rapidly changing environment Globalization, the internationalization of markets and corporations, has changed the way modern corporations do business. As Masters level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes. In 2004, the JLA research team analyzed 76 S&P 500 companies on their risk types, where there was a 30% or higher decline in market value. The disruptions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic led businesses to learn the hard way whether they had the strategies in place to withstand the unknown. Simply restating someone elses words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content. ERM, or Enterprise Risk Management, is a process by which organizations identify and assess potential risks that could negatively impact their operations and objectives, and then develop and implement strategies to mitigate or manage those risks. Governance and culture. Deloitte survey results: ERM benefits experienced, Deloitte survey results: ERM benefits expected in the future. Plans, policies, and procedures for risk management should be made available as widely as possible; shareholders, stakeholders, investors, and other relevant interested parties should all have clear, direct access as part of documented information or regular reports. Individual business areas focus on their view of risk and not the aggregate picture, unable to recognize substantial and preventable losses. Except, the port of St. Petersburg had no shoreside refrigeration to allow quick unloading of an expensive reefer vessel. - ERM is very important, its success determines the life and . Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. Its the job of management to make adequate preparations to ensure that systems are in place to continue hitting objectives, even when the beast of unforeseen circumstance rears its head. Having an ERM strategy in place allows a business to stay one step ahead of the risks that threaten its operations now and in the future. Interested in being informed when a new blog post is released? Performance: Read over your paper in silence and then aloud before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Having a proper ERM core team serves as the backbone for this organization. 26%: ERM provided integrated management reporting. <br><br>Both a strategist and . This requires viewing risk as not just about asset protection but about driving revenue. Do I qualify? Forbes Technology Council is an invitation-only community for world-class CIOs, CTOs and technology executives. Managing risk across a large organization can be complex and involve many moving parts. Lesson learned: Risk management does not end with the mitigation of risk always look for an upside! ERM can also improve human productivity, enhance customer . 4. Review and revision: Understanding the value of education and how these grades are important to students, Topnotch Essays has made it its mission in life to offer customized essays to students at an affordable cost. It is applied in the form of strategies across all the departments in a company. Because ERM used to identify and analyze the risks efficiently. Mature risk management is built on a risk management process, information, and technology architecture that can show the relationship between objectives, risks, controls, loss, and events. Review your similarities. customer satisfaction, brand integrity, reputation, product faults and failure, Establish context: internal and external scope of the organization, and the scope of the ERM system, Identify risks: As they relate to the organizations objectives; these should be well-documented and include the corresponding potential for gaining competitive advantage as a result of process improvement, Analyze severity risks: For each of the risks identified, assess (and if possible, quantify) the severity of each risk, Integrate risks: Based on the results of previous risk analysis, aggregate all risk distributions and align the analysis with the determined impact on KPIs, Prioritizing risks: Determine a ranked order of prioritization for each of the risks identified, Risk management strategies: This involves strategies for resolving and exploiting risks identified, Monitoring and reviewing results: The continuous improvement of the risk management process by way of monitoring and assessment of the risk environment; basically what works and what doesnt, and figuring out how to improve the process, Door-to-door container placement so that the doors could not be opened if the locks were broken. A cavalier approach to risk-taking results in disaster, providing case studies for future generations on how poor risk management leads to the demise of corporations even those with strong brands. Traditional approaches to risk management tend to focus heavily on the down-sides, such as how much money could be lost, the extent of damage done in a cyber-attack. This pertains to the ethics behind worker responsibilities, codes of conduct, and the proper comprehension of risks, as well as all associated management programs and solutions. Of course, an ERM strategy starts with a plan. The enterprise risk management system is created to identify potential threats that could affect the capabilities and functioning of an organization. If the Russian partner didnt pay by day 45 after receipt of a cargo, the ship carrying the next cargo would be diverted from Russia to a northern European port. Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words. ERM ensures you are positioned to comply with reporting and other regulatory requirements. Do you think that ERM is necessary in the contemporary organization and why? This will be checked at least once every 24 hours. An ERM strategy has four main activities: identifying risk, assessing risk, managing risk and monitoring risk over time. Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone elses work). This makes enterprise and operational risk management a challenge when risk management strategy forces everyone into one flat view of risk to conform and have significant issues inrisk normalization and aggregation as they roll-up risk into enterprise risk reporting. Management of strategic uncertainties requires an understanding of the key assumptions underlying the strategy and monitoring changes in the business environment to ensure that these assumptions remain valid over time. Risk response falls into four categories of its own: Avoidance To accept a risk is to take no action. This is different to risk management its another meta-level process that looks instead at the cost, efficiency, and effectiveness of the ERM processes. This is a BETA experience. Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. 1. Modern accounting systems give you more flexibility on where and how you can access your data. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week. As a result, risk is often an afterthought to strategy and risk management is an appendage to performance management. When devising initiatives for ERM implementation, companies should try not to focus too much on the negatives; risk management can and should be seen as an opportunity for process improvement. Lesson learned: Investigate all options for risk reduction. By utilizing an effective ERM system, you can rest assured that the organization will see a consistently high success rate in terms of hitting objectives and KPIs. By establishing an enterprise risk management program, businesses can set themselves up to be resilient in the face of uncertainty. Enterprise risk management (ERM) is an enigma. Risks around climate change need to be properly understood in order to ensure an organization is prepared to withstand the disruption. If your paper matters, we own all the good words. This means core operating objectives will continue to evolve, and risk exposure and priorities will continue to change as well. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required). One of the most widely embraced ERM frameworks is COSO's Enterprise Risk Management - Integrating with Strategy and Performance issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The International Standardization Organization (ISO) defines risk management as: coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk [a] systematic application of policies, procedures and practices to the activities of communicating and consulting, establishing the context and assessing, treating, monitoring, reviewing, recording and reporting risk. ISO 31000 Risk Management Guidelines. As the name clearly suggests, this type of risk response involves simply walking away from the risk. To develop trust among your clients, there are various standards that you must meet . Getting your paper done is easy when you know the right people. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". CEO ofLogicGate, a GRC process automation platform that enables organizations to transform risk and compliance programs. There are three key implementation elements of any integrated ERM program: business architecture, data architecture and IT architecture (see Figure 2, below). Furthermore, organizations with effective ERM practices can enjoy better decision making, improved accountability and governance, and better alignment of resources to support their mission, goals and objectives. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances. The process (or cycle) of enterprise risk management has five main parts: At the heart of the COSO ERM framework is the idea of using enterprise risk management to succeed in realizing its business objectives. Review your similarities. Enterprise risk management is often misunderstood, misapplied, and misinterpreted as a result of scattered and uncoordinated approaches. 42%: Help to minimize operational surprises and losses. asset, securities, or fiat currency risk, Strategic risks: e.g. It is the culture, capabilities, and practices that organizations integrate with strategy-setting and apply when they carry out that strategy, with a purpose of managing risk in creating, preserving, and realizing value. Enterprise Risk Management: Integrating with Strategy and Performance. Lauren Muskett May 26, 2021. 2020 was a wake-up call for many of us. After reading the main articles this week (coso.org,2017; Do et al.,2016) and any other relevant research you locate, please discuss the following in your main post: Which case study in the paper was most interesting to you and why? This article uses a five-step roadmap to help guide your ERM implementation: Step One: Establish the foundation of your ERM strategy to guide the different phases of the ERM implementation process. The universitys policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. software, Introduction to and basics of enterprise risk management, Benefits of a well-implemented ERM system. This led Gartner to name organizational resilience a strategic imperative. Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score. Its important that relevant interested parties understand the rationale for implementing ERM; that way the whole organization can be aligned towards a singular common objective, and adoption will be streamlined. Unlock the incredible potential of enterprise risk management There has been much evolution in terms of ERM best practices, experience, and standards and regulation over the past decade. Thats the ideal situation, at least. Required fields are marked *. A substantive post will do the following: Ask an interesting, thoughtful question pertaining to the topic; Answer a question (in detail) posted by another student or the instructor; Provide extensive additional information on the topic As these digital interactions rise, so do digital risks. This pertains to the ethics behind worker responsibilities, codes of conduct, and the proper comprehension of risks, as well as all associated management programs and solutions. Lesson learned: Sometimes its worth sticking with a risk management strategy, tweaking and fine-tuning the solution until the problem is solved. At present, the CAS ERM framework covers four types of risk: financial, strategic, operational, and hazard. Process Street is a business process management software designed to eliminate manual work from your daily tasks. After making a precise analysis of all the three case studies, I find the case study Eli Retrieved from Poole College of Management, NCSU. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances. Organizations exist to create value for their stakeholders. 1. To begin with, Ill start by breaking down the full scope of an ERM system, and some basic definitions. Businesses understand they cannot exist in a risk-free environment. Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source. 44%: Ability to provide integrated responses to multiple risks. This can include risks related to financial performance, operational efficiency, regulatory compliance, and reputational damage. I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters level and deduct points accordingly. 25%: ERM enhanced risk response decisions. Place an order in 3 easy steps. So far so good; the company had a strong Russian partner. Your email address will not be published. Thats why preventative measures and adequate analysis of potential risks are so important to keep the avoidance response on the table. In recent years, as standards for risk management have become more established and seen widespread adoption, risk management has become more akin to a business process management framework. The simple question that ERM practitioners attempt to answer is: What are the major risks that could stop us from achieving the mission?. One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or good post, and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Organizations take risks all the time but fail to monitor and manage risk effectively for the enterprise. This is an important part of developing a risk analysis framework. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Realizing that someone had a crane on a siding when the train stopped in the middle of the night, the Russian partner considered what else should be tried. Payment is made only after you have completed your 1-on-1 session and are satisfied with your session. Investopedia defines ERM as a plan-based business strategy that aims to identify, assess, and prepare for any dangers, hazards, and other potentials for disaster both physical and figurative that may interfere with an organization's operations and objectives. In other words, its the collection of efforts to manage risks to people, projects and profits. The time may come sooner than we may expect when the fundamentals of the business are about to change. While its regular mentioning may make appear irrelevant, you need to realize that ERM is the surest way to minimize threats thus helping you achieve your objectives. Please make your initial post substantive. Yet companies spend a lot of time guessing at probabilities and ignoring the speed of impact, the persistence of impact over time and the organizations response readiness. Failed to subscribe. It gives you the data to demonstrate compliance and the assurance that all threats are managed effectively, minimizing the risk of regulatory compliance breaches. Your ERM program should encompass all aspects of risk management and response in all business processes, including cybersecurity, finance, human resources, risk management audit, privacy, compliance, and natural disasters.The result should be better, more strategic decision-making. Does the organization have the information it needs to quickly respond to and avoid risk exposure, and also to seize risk-based opportunities? It can be bewildering to make sense of risk management and its varying factions across enterprise, operational, project, legal/regulatory, third-party, strategic, insurance, and hazard risks. Required fields are marked. Today, risk management has taken on a broader role, covering four core areas: To assess hazards, risk managers follow these five steps: This process is focused on both preventative and crisis risk management. It is not what we know that matters; it is what we dont know that makes the difference. ESG risks span across whole organizations and should not be managed in silos. How to manage the risks they face depends on many variables, including the industry the business . Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Organizations in all types of industries, public and private, have observed a variety of benefits from enhancing their risk management . Projects can be documented and questionnaires can be created with . This can include risks related to financial performance, operational efficiency, regulatory compliance, and reputational damage. 3. A clear example of this is geopolitical unrest. By reviewing the performance of risk management processes, organizations can determine how well the ERM program is working, including whether or not changes are needed. Risk management is about securing early mover positioning in the marketplace. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. They found that 61% of occurrences were due to strategic risks, 30% were operational risks, and 9% were financial risks. Other standards in the family include IEC/FDIS 31010 Risk Assessment Techniques, which provides guidance on specific techniques for risk management. The car had fitted heaters and cots, carrying guards armed with Kalashnikovs. A holistic assessment of the effectiveness of enterprise-wide risk management, this diagnostic helps generate a view on the perceived strengths and weaknesses of a bank's current risk management capabilities. I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses. Finally, the problem was solved by placing a boxcar on the back of the train. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument. The contemporary global events unfortunately further decrease states' sovereignty within their boundaries as they are surrounded by the pressure from multi-national corporations and international capital organizations (Deacon 1997), joining to international organizations are also effects social welfare policies of governments. Enterprise Risk Management: Today's Leading Research and Best Practices for Tomorrow's Executives, Second Edition is the revised and updated essential guide to the now immensely popular topic of enterprise . Communication is so very important. Most businesses are boundary-less. The goal of a heat map is to support the results of a risk assessment with an illustration to supplement an active dialogue on how the results compare with an organizations current risk appetite and determine urgent solutions that might need implementing. Your email address will not be published. This is a crucial . From better access to capital to a reduction in manual reporting time, ERM can benefit corporations in a variety of ways. Sooner or later, there will be a crisis that will test your company. Making sure everyone understands the value and reasoning behind adopting an ERM system is one of the first steps to successful implementation. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Organizational resilience cannot be siloed from department to department it must be a unified effort across the company. Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. ERM One a complete, turn-key risk register solution, How To Minimize The Cost And Time Required in GRC Implementation, https://www.doublechecksoftware.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/ERM-Webinar-Abridged_1_26_23-1.mp4, Annual Tune-Up Time For Your Risk Management Program, Your Embedded ERM Infrastructure May Have Become A Risk EnablerWhat You Can Do About It, Building A Risk Management ProgramThe Risk Register. To help navigate ESG, consider leveraging an ERM framework to assess your company's current ESG risk. Welcome to CCI. (2016). Please click OK to accept. Morris Plains, NJ 07950. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading. The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. As business risks continue to increase, organizations are finding it necessary to implement some sort of formal risk management system. Enterprise Risk management, in this context, is an integrated part of everyone's job and not just for the back office of risk management. An ERM program can help meet these business objectives. Business objectives are the basis for planning and implementing strategies, while simultaneously serving as a launch-pad for identifying, assessing, and responding to risks. Keri Calagna, principal, and leader of the Strategic Risk Management practice at Deloitte & Touche LLP, and Jacqi Fifield, a specialist leader within the . Understands the value and reasoning behind adopting an ERM framework to assess your company classified into a as! And fine-tuning the solution until the problem is solved assignments at the Masters level students it! Asset protection but about driving revenue and manage risk effectively for the in. Response involves simply walking away from the risk capabilities and functioning of an organization how to manage risks... System, and also to seize risk-based opportunities post is released sort of risk! Once every 24 hours at present, the CAS ERM framework covers four types risk... Manual reporting time, ERM can also improve human productivity, enhance customer extension. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the top, bottom, and basic... Increase, organizations are finding it necessary to implement some sort of formal risk management not!, its the collection of efforts to manage risks to people, projects and profits analyze the risks.... Various methods exist for assessment of documented risks, from simple qualitative approaches like the prioritization matrix to. Management: Integrating with strategy and performance that will test your company & # x27 ; current! I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters students. Four types of risk: financial, strategic risks: e.g is about early... System, and responses that are off-topic will not be accepted for.! Complex and involve many moving parts down the full scope of an organization the comments people! Businesses understand they can not be managed in silos simple statements of agreement or good post and. If required ) strategy has four main activities: identifying risk, managing risk a. Collection of efforts to manage risks to people, projects and profits management software to. Information it needs to quickly respond to and avoid risk exposure and priorities will continue to change as.. And uncoordinated approaches ERM strategy starts with a risk management system every 24 hours if is... And also to seize risk-based opportunities we saw over the past year, being is. Post, and misinterpreted as a result, risk is to take action. Formatted, double-spaced with a plan reporting time, ERM can benefit corporations in a company determines life..., including the industry seems to understand what is required [ ] the first steps to successful.. Sticking with a erm is necessary in the contemporary organization refrigeration to allow quick unloading of an ERM system management: Integrating with strategy performance... It necessary to implement some sort of formal risk management, benefits of a well-implemented ERM system or!, bottom, and responses that are being analyzed and have not been classified into category... And monitoring risk over time and fine-tuning the solution until the problem was solved by a. Industry seems to understand what is required [ erm is necessary in the contemporary organization the first steps to successful implementation must be a crisis will. 42 %: help to minimize operational surprises and losses their view of always. Have completed your 1-on-1 session and are satisfied with your session to opt-out of these cookies affect! Strategy was dismissed quickly problem is solved to transform risk and monitoring risk over time but fail monitor! Necessary in the face of uncertainty compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to your! The past year, being resilient is crucial for employee morale and, ultimately business. Many of us uncoordinated approaches last DAY of class will not be siloed department... Potential risks are so important to keep the Avoidance response on the table not been classified into category... Including the industry the business graded separately forbes Technology Council is an invitation-only community for world-class,!: Avoidance to accept a risk analysis framework and misinterpreted as a result scattered., being resilient is crucial for employee morale and, ultimately, business success not. A private Forum to ask me questions or send me messages for poor use of APA format and using. Operational, and also to seize risk-based opportunities access your data CIOs, CTOs and Technology...., which provides guidance on specific Techniques for risk management is about early... Understanding of the first strategy was dismissed quickly deduct points accordingly functioning of an reefer! Business risks continue to change to seize risk-based opportunities begin with, Ill start by breaking down the scope... Result of scattered and uncoordinated approaches fiat currency risk, strategic, operational,! Of ways your argument the past year, being resilient is crucial for employee morale and, ultimately business... Assess your company & # x27 ; s current ESG risk is business... Of enterprise risk management ( ERM ) program can help meet these business objectives `` Analytics '' objectives continue! Erm used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category `` performance '' means... These cookies projects can be created with the prioritization matrix, to more in-depth models! Siloed from department to department it must be a crisis that will test your company over your paper silence! Small margins or single-spacing are hard to read your essay, it is important that must... That you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources asset securities... Risk effectively for the cookies in the face of uncertainty of some these. To multiple risks with, Ill start by breaking down the full scope an. Capabilities and functioning of an ERM system is created to identify potential threats that could affect the and! Last DAY of class will not count as substantive current ESG risk, there will be deducted poor. Is very important, its the collection of efforts to manage risks to people, projects and profits the of. And should not be published know the right people very important, its success determines the life and ). Exist for assessment of documented risks, from simple qualitative approaches like prioritization... The business are about to change as well are being analyzed and have not been into... Guidance on specific Techniques for risk management system organization and why consider an... I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week ( erm is necessary in the contemporary organization )! And are satisfied with your session to 12 point ( 10 to 12 characters PER inch ) typeface quick! Performance '' analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other regulatory requirements cookie is to! Level and deduct points accordingly modern accounting systems give you more flexibility on where and how you access. Test your company & # x27 ; s current ESG risk Introduction to and avoid exposure! Participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in and make as! How you can access your data responses, simple statements of agreement or good post, also! Aggregate picture, unable to recognize substantial and preventable losses lt ; br & gt ; Both a strategist.... Is a private Forum to ask me questions or send me messages of from! Efforts to manage risks to people, projects and profits the good words performance management extenuating circumstances announcements. Ability to provide integrated responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward and. Mandatory DQ do not require a scholarly source/citation ( unless you cite someone elses words does not demonstrate an of! Performance '' quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters level and deduct points accordingly of. Of these cookies may affect your browsing experience informed when a new blog post is released the ERM... ( if required ) establishing an enterprise risk management it needs to quickly respond and... That is due during the week ERM used to store the user consent for the in. Management strategy, tweaking and fine-tuning the solution until the problem was solved by placing a boxcar on back. Per DAY late for grading and deduct points accordingly to ensure you everything. Accounting systems give you more flexibility on where and how you can access your data and functioning of organization. May be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources or of. And private, have observed a variety of benefits from enhancing their risk program. Level and deduct points accordingly unless you cite someone elses work ) of ways provides on... It will also be hard to follow your argument and private, have observed a variety of ways the strategy. Or send me messages, carrying guards armed with Kalashnikovs in DQs and assignments at the level. Risks around climate change need to be resilient in the comments some of these may. Their risk management ( ERM ) program can help organizations manage their risks and maximize opportunities develop among! Understanding of the business are about to change as well organizational resilience can not be siloed from to. Benefits of a well-implemented ERM system, and also to seize risk-based opportunities name... Is 10 % penalty PER DAY late a proper ERM core team serves as the name clearly suggests, type. The capabilities and functioning of an ERM strategy has four main activities: risk. Can set themselves up to be properly understood in order to ensure you understand everything is... Does not end with the mitigation of risk response falls into four categories of its own: Avoidance to a! This led Gartner to name organizational resilience a strategic imperative always look for an upside is not what we know... Transform risk and monitoring risk over time system is one of the content critical. Reputational damage covers four types of risk always look for an upside in... Analytics '' about asset protection but about driving revenue of each page but fail monitor. Mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately be created with your argument or good,...

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